Exophthalmos, also referred to as proptosis, is the protrusion of the eyeball from the Orbit.
Definition
A side-to-side difference of 2 mm or more in eyeball protrusion is considered pathological[^1].
Cause
The following table presents the differential diagnoses by cause[^2]:
Unilateral exophthalmos | Bilateral exophthalmos |
Orbital cellulitis | Orbital myositis |
Congenital anomaly | Thrombosis of the Cavernous sinus |
Inflammatory process | Metastatic neuroblastoma |
Vascular anomalies (e.g., Carotid-cavernous fistulas) | |
Neoplasms (e.g., spheno-orbital meningiomas) | |
Metabolic diseases |
