Francis Classification

Last edit by Alaric Steinmetz on

The Francis classification was published in 1981 and is used for the categorization of Hangman's fractures[^1].

Classification

Degree

Angulation

Displacement

I

< 11°

d < 3.5mm

II

> 11°

d < 3.5mm

III

< 11°

d > 3.5mm and d/b < 0.5

IV

> 11°

d > 3.5mm and d/b < 0.5

V

-

d/b > 0.5 (Disc disruption)

Figure

Francis classification
Schematic illustration of the measures used in the Francis classification. Figure adapted from Greenbergs Handbook of Neurosurgery.
Original illustration of the Francis classification
Original illustration of the Francis classification from the publication by Francis et al.